Visual Art education and Graphic Design Essay Example for Free

Visual Art training and Graphic Design Essay PC innovation has added another perspective to all individuals wanting to expand their viewpoints by encouraging their instruction. After some time the conventional strategies for learning have developed with the headways in innovation. In todays society current innovation makes anything conceivable, in any event, acquiring a degree on the web. This is particularly well known for those considering a profession way in illustrations structure. Anyway does this imply a customary expressive arts training is not, at this point required for the individuals who are in quest for a degree in visual computerization? Regularly online universities publicize visual expressions degrees under the possibility that illustrations configuration is simply PC information and inventiveness. Accordingly, understudies graduate coming up short on the vital aptitudes and information to be fruitful in the illustrations plan world. All understudies hoping to gain a degree in illustrations configuration should seek after a customary craftsmanship degree. Despite the fact that anybody can accomplish a designs degree internet, finishing a customary expressions degree shows you the abilities that help you to accomplish the most elevated level of progress. Online instruction in numerous examples has over and over again supplanted the main subjects of craftsmanship with innovation. Numerous customary workmanship educators, even in illustrations configuration set mechanical abilities last on the their talk list. Rather, ideas of how craftsmanship and configuration capacity and how to communicate imagination in the workmanship studio condition are accentuated similar to the key ideas of an illustrations fashioner instruction. After some time, information is increased through a progression of workmanship drawings, artworks, photography classes, basic reasoning activities, peer assessments and critical thinking; bringing about understudies getting increasingly mindful of the assortment of approaches to transforming imaginative thoughts into creative plans. Lamentably, understudies who are trained online can't get a handle on the significance of ability past innovation. Therefore the absence of information to communicate imagination unavoidably turns into a risk rather than a resource for an illustrations configuration organization. Configuration is a mix of ability and discovering approaches to make a visual message to your intended interest group. The principle job of an originator is to convey a message in the best way. PC programs can't make the information on the purpose for the picture, just the creator can. You cannotâ have specialized abilities just and anticipate that a program should accomplish the innovative work. The PC has altered the plan studio, yet it will never run it. Customary workmanship training offers understudies the chance to get familiar with these abilities and to execute viable structures through long stretches of guidance in classes like outline and typography. Online training essentially doesn't offer understudies this chance and will always be unable to substitute these aptitudes with various measures of innovation. The last advantage of a customary expressions training is the relational abilities you learn and the up close and personal cooperations you experience by going to a genuine college. Social abilities are more diligently to realize when you don't go to class. There is no educational program for demonstrating understudies the significance of social connection in the vocation of a craftsman or fashioner. Sure you may feel that having a conversation board is significant yet it doesnt contrast with eye to eye communications. In a conventional learning condition you go to classes that make circumstances where understudies can and should work together with each other. Through these conditions, the understudies observer that unique plan is once in a while done alone. Its incredible foundation for the truth of the working visual originator. At long last, information is the proportion of achievement and the more improved you are in your vocation field the better communicator you become. In this manner winning a training through a customary school or college gives understudies an assortment of abilities and information would just be useful to those appearing to be effective in the illustrations structure. This is the reason understudies hoping to procure a degree in illustrations configuration ought to get a conventional expressions educationWorks CitedSome of the sites that I saw while composing this paper are recorded underneath. A large portion of my insight originates from my instructive expressions foundation and my past activity, which included working at distributing organization in the craftsmanship office helping the visual fashioners. 1. American Art Institute Online http://www.aionline.edu/microsite/programs/?keyword=art%20institute%20onlinepublisherSite=DSYahooDS_KWID=p30168552. AllgraphicsDesign:http://www.allgraphicdesign.com/graphicsblog/2007/05/22/gra

Financial Accounting coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Money related Accounting coursework - Essay Example Hence the accumulation strategy for bookkeeping estimates the position and execution of the organization dependent on the exchanges made over the span of business regardless of the money receipts and installments accomplished for the business exchange. The accumulation technique for bookkeeping joins the present and expected money inflows and surges to decide the combined budgetary situation of the organization (Sofat and Hiro, 2008, p.36). Imprints and Spencer has utilized the collection technique to decide the normal estimation of the incomes dependent on the authentic deals returns with the goal that the gathered figures could be dispensed precisely in the budget reports. Suspicions identified with Going-Concern for getting ready fiscal reports The suppositions identified with going worry for planning budget summaries are that the organization would proceed with its business in not so distant future except if the administration chooses to sell the organization or chooses to stop a ctivities. At the point when the fiscal reports are set up by expecting the going worry of a business element, the benefits and liabilities are apportioned with the supposition that if the organization proceeds with its activities, it is ready to gain a similar measure of advantages or would have the option to support a similar measure of liabilities (Bhattacharyya, 2011, p.48). Ex. Imprints and Spencer have arranged their budget reports with the suspicion of going worry subsequent to thinking about the hazard and vulnerabilities of the business. The appraisal of the benefits and liabilities for a long time to come has been done dependent on projections after thought of hazard. Key bookkeeping ideas utilized in arrangement of fiscal summaries The bookkeeping strategy is an apparatus dependent on which the budget reports are readied and the data given in the budget reports are intended for the clients. In this manner the planning of fiscal reports includes key bookkeeping ideas which are normalized for the organizations. The key bookkeeping ideas are consolidated together to frame the sound accounting guidelines (GAAP). The bookkeeping ideas that are utilized in the planning of the budget summaries are, for example, cash estimation, substance, cost, going concern, objectivity, double viewpoint, timeframe, acknowledgment, conservatism, consistency, coordinating, materiality. The thought of a substance and its qualification from the proprietors is significant for planning of the fiscal reports. The business, deals and receipts in bookkeeping are done as far as cash estimation. The business is considered to carry on its monetary exercises for a reasonable timeframe except if the tasks stop to exist based on choice of proprietors. This idea shapes the premise of a going worry that is utilized in bookkeeping strategy (Crosson and Needles, 2010, p.52). The bookkeeping estimations mulls over the expense caused by the organization for maintaining the business. This i ncorporates the expense of capital, cost of products sold, and so forth. The double angle in bookkeeping states that the benefits are equivalent to the liabilities of the organization. The objectivity in bookkeeping met

Womens Movements Essays - Counterculture Of The 1960s,

Ladies' Movements Prior to the ladies' developments in the United States, ladies who were dealt with unreasonably and not given any equivalent rights as men had endured incredible catastrophe. There catastrophe was the manner in which the general public had treated them unfeelingly, for example, 1women once just had the alternative of instructing, and nursing, as vocation openings. Ladies would typically have the job of remaining at home and dealing with kids and the home. Presently after the first and second floods of the ladies' developments, ladies now are treated with incredible regard and given autonomous opportunity. Also, convey an extraordinary arrangement of triumph. 5Women's Movements are collective endeavors, primarily by ladies, that look to improve ladies' lives or the lives of others. Most likely the most popular ladies' developments are those that have occupied with political endeavors to change the jobs and the status of ladies in the public arena. A ladies' customary job all through history was spouse or mother overwhelmed, and most ladies' lives have been focused around their family unit. 2Women's Movements normally focus essentially on equivalent rights, opportunity, and more prominent social, financial and political contribution for ladies. Ever, there have been two significant ladies' developments, the first wave was focused on picking up casting a ballot rights for ladies. 9On August 26,1920, the nineteenth amendment was included to the revisions of the Constitution of the United States of America. This correction expressed that ladies presently have the option to cast a ballot. During the second flood of the ladies' development, there had been numerous associations arrangement to enable ladies to join together, for example, the Women's Equity Action Class (WEAL), the Women's Trade Union League (WTUL), the National American Ladies Suffrage Association (NAWSA), the National Organization for Women (NOW), the National Women's Party, the National Women's Political Caucus (NWPC), and numerous more.2The second wave, which developed in the 1960's, was focused for the most part on political and social changes in numerous zones of the world. These contemporary ladies' development have looked for more prominent fairness for ladies in the family, working environment, and political life. 2Women's development's have won more prominent opportunity for ladies to as independent instead of ward spouses or little girls. 3Many incredible American ladies have contributed significantly to the to the rights ladies now have. One of the ladies who assumed a major job in picking up casting a ballot rights for ladies was Susan B. Anthony. 8Susan B. Anthony was conceived in Adams, Massachusetts on February 15, 1820. She was an American Pioneer for ladies' privileges in the nineteenth century. Anthony additionally helped found (1886) the American Equal Rights Association, So as to work for the Women's Suffrage in 1869. In which she likewise made a difference set up the National Women's Suffrage Association. From 1892 to 1900, 10Anthony was leader of the National Women's Suffrage Association. In 1872 she was captured for endeavoring to cast a ballot, guaranteeing the arrangements of the fourteenth and fifteenth changes applied to all residents, male and female. Her perpetual work and travel made ladies' testimonial a perceived reason in both America and Europe. 3Jane Addams another American ladies' privileges advocate likewise was an American social reformer, and conservative. She was conceived in Cedarville Illinois, on September 6, 1860. In 1889, impacted by British points of reference, she established Hull House in Chicago, in which she and other social reformers lived and attempted to improve the city ghettos. Frame House turned into a model for some, other settlement houses in the US. Jane Addams became leader of the Women's National League for harmony and opportunity in 1919. Along with Nicholas Murray Butler, she got the Nobel Peace Prize in 1931. She likewise upheld examination that came about in youngster work change, an eight - hour working day for ladies and better lodging. She composed two books called Democracy and Social Ethics (1902) and Twenty Years at the Hull House (1910). She passed on May 21, 1935. 7Elizabeth Blackwell was conceived in Bristol, England, in 1821 into a huge, dynamic family. Elizabeth's father had faith in completely instructing his little girls just as his children, a strange thought at that point. In 1832 they came to America. A few years after the fact, the demise of their dad, Elizabeth and her sisters arrangement a tuition based school for young ladies. Elizabeth got disappointed with instructing as a profession. She concluded that she needed to accomplish something in medication. In the nineteenth century the thought of a lady turning into a specialist was as incredible as it was stunning. 8Elizabeth started her aspiration by contemplating medication as a private understudy of noticeable doctors of Philadelphia. Her instructors were intrigue by her ability for difficult work and solid stomach. She copped better with the systems

Educational Philosophy :: Education Careers Teaching Essays

Instructive Philosophy Since the time I was close to nothing and beginning my instruction I have needed to turn into an educator. It is a deep rooted objective of mine and I trust some time or another I can satisfy this objective. This past summer my fantasy about turning into an instructor was additionally fortified. I had the chance to mentor a peewee football crew and this choice ended up being extremely instrumental to me as an individual. I understood numerous things about myself and I understood where I needed to go throughout everyday life. I discovered that I wanted to instructor kids things I love as an individual. I really discovered that I needed to make kids my life and all the more explicitly I needed to turn into a Physical Education and Health instructor. It was similarly as Sputnik turned America’s light on, that this mid year turned my light on. All through my instruction I have taken in an assortment of methods and thoughts that have been compelling and not all that viable in my own training. I have discovered that the instructors who sit behind the work area bore you till no closure are not as successful as those educators who have a hands on, energetic learning condition. Therefore, this carries me to my way of thinking of instruction. To start with, I accept as an educator you ought to be a genuine lover. I know from past encounters if an instructor carries energy to their work it will upgrade their study hall and furthermore the capacity of their understudies to learn. As this sort of instructor I need to show a positive and energetic disposition that ideally will diffuse through my understudies like a fierce blaze. An inspirational mentality will get positive outcomes and that will convert into energy for both the understudies and the educator. Despite the fact that I will act in an expert way, I need to become as one with the understudies. I need my energy to empower the understudies to encounter the best condition for learning and trying different things with the educational program. I additionally need to show a progressivist disposition in my study hall. I accept that hands on learning is the best method of showing an understudy new, new topic. Being in a Physical Education condition, I accept this will be the best way of thinking in my study hall.

Random Ceiling Tiles

Random Ceiling Tiles Some of you have to make a decision to come here (or not) by 23:59 tomorrow. If youre on the fence, I have one small bid to make you fall in love. I came to MIT for the people here. Ive had wonderful experiences with my professors and friends, but I found a home and a second family in Random Hall. Each dorm at MIT has a personality, and I think ours is at least partly captured in our ceiling tiles. Below are the ceiling tiles in the seven of eight floors that have colorful ceilings, separated by floor. I also wrote you a blog post a year ago. What I said there was true a year ago and it is equally true now. Specifically, I want to share this part: I hope you choose MIT, obviously. This place is amazing. If you got in, it’s because you can handle it, and because you’re the kind of person who might love it. Life moves fast here: there are many more opportunitiesâ€"for fun, for work, or bothâ€"than you have time for, even if you don’t sleep. But whether you choose MIT or not, own your decision, because when the path you choose gets difficult, it will be very helpful to rekindle the assurance and sense of purpose that drove you to follow it. Do it because you know you want to do it, not because of money or rankings or because other people say you should. Feel free to ask me any questions you have about MIT in the comments or by email. No matter what you choose, from the bottom of my heart: good luck! Black Hole kitchen         Bonfire kitchen and lounge     Pecker kitchen         Clam lounge     BMF kitchen                     BMF lounge       Destiny kitchen                 Foo lounge

Pollution law - Free Essay Example

Question 1 Introduction We will consider water and air pollution. We will look at what causes harm to each of these media. We will then move on to consider the legal provisions in place to counteract or prevent that harm. Water This is mainly concerned with inland and coastal waters and the quality of these water bodies. Water quality can be affected by natural events or by the actions of people. Firstly, natural events like heavy rainfall and flooding can create pollution problems from farm runoff. Conversely, drought can cause problems with pollutants being more concentrated. Generally, however, the main kinds of harm that lead to water pollution are caused by individuals or organisations. The harm is mainly as a result of discharge to water and can be as a result of intentional actions like littering, fly tipping, or dumping waste. The most common is discharges to water, from sewage works, the content of which is highly polluting. Other discharges to water can be from industries. This may involve toxic or organic pollutants being discharged into water. This can also involve Leachate from waste sites. Agricultural water pollution is another source of pollution, which can lead to pesticides or fertiliser being passed into water streams. In addition, farming can also contaminate groundwater, through the means of sheep dips. â€Å"Agriculture is the number one polluter of water in the country† [1] was the chilling finding of the Policy Commission on the Future of Farming and Food (2002). Other sources of water pollution is the often much publicised oil and fuel spills that happen from time to time. These may be caused by accidents. Accidents in the transporting of sometimes hazardous substances can also end up in the water streams or ocean. Damage through accidents may not involve toxic substances but a great deal of harm can be caused by â€Å"innocent substances† like milk and apple juice. The impact that these substances may have will vary depending on the amount of the substance being released and the location where they are discharged. It is important to note that we generally consider water pollution to arise where water is rendered unfit for use â₠¬â€œ either for human consumption or aquatic life. The focus of this aspect of environmental law is not just pollution to water but also the setting of desired standards of water quality. Legal controls over water quality and pollution The body responsible for water quality in England is the Environmental Agency (EA). The main statutory instrument that applies is the Water Resources Act, 1991 (WRA, 1991). In addition, EC law is increasingly affecting the practices in England. The EC Water Framework Directive[2] is expected to have a large impact on all aspects of pollution control and water quality management. Indirectly, international law also applies, especially in terms of treaties and the UK’s obligations under these treaties. We will now look into the legal controls more closely. Firstly it is necessary to consider the quality of the public water supply. This is controlled by the Water Industry Act 1991(WIA,1991), s67 and the Water Supply (Quality) Regulations 2 000[3]. These provide that domestic water must be wholesome. Enforcement orders issued by the Secretary of State are the main means of enforcement, and fines may be issued against Water supply companies for breaching these provisions. The WIA, 1991, s70 makes it an offence to supply water that is unfit for human consumption.[4] Secondly, we will look at the WRA, 1991. This act put in place the requirement for consents to be obtained from the EA in the following circumstances: A discharge of trade or sewage effluent into controlled waters; A discharge of trade or sewage effluent through a pipe from land into the sea outside the limits of controlled waters; Any discharge where a prohibition is in force. S85 of the WRA, 1991 provides that it is an offence to â€Å"cause or knowingly permit† a discharge. Having consent and observing the terms and conditions of the consent will be a defence to this provision. Trade effluent includes effluent from trade premises which includes agricultural, fish farming and research establishments. [5]Sewage effluent includes any effluent from sewerage works, but excludes surface water. [6] Discharge is not defined in the act and could conceivably cover accidental discharges into water as well as intentional discharges. Controlled waters are defined in s104 of the act and include most inland and coastal water. Inland water includes rivers, streams, underground streams, canals, lakes and reservoirs (even if they are temporarily dry). Groundwater which is water that is contained in wells and boreholes and in any underground strata are also within the definition. A river bed[7] and a man made ditch that drains into controlled waters[8] have both b een held to constitute controlled waters. Streams that have been diverted from their original water course are also considered controlled waters.[9] A prohibition was introduced by the Water Act, 1989, s86, and it prohibited certain discharges. These include discharges of substances that are prescribed by regulations and include dangerous substances. The EA may make annual charges for discharge consents under the Environment Act, 1995[10]. This covers some of its costs incurred in managing water resources. Consents must be applied for in compliance with the WRA, 1991 and Control of Pollution (Applications, Appeals and Registers) Regulations 1996[11]. For the protection of groundwater, the Groundwater Regulations 1998 [12] set out the consent requirements. It is now necessary to consider water pollution. S85 (1) of the WRA, 1991 creates a general offence of causing or knowingly permitting any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter or any solid waste to enter controlled waters. Defences are set out in s88, and include discharge consents from the EA. In addition, s89 provides that in an emergency it is possible to discharge into controlled waters in order to avoid danger to life or health. If this occurs the EA must be informed of this as soon as reasonably practical and the discharger must also take reasonable steps to minimise pollution. This defence was successful in the case of Express Ltd (t/a Express Dairies Distribution) v Environmental Agency[13]. The offence relates to causing and knowingly permitting. Causing is subject to strict liability as no knowledge is required. In the case of Alphacell Ltd v Woodward [14] it was held that if the activities cause pollution, it is only necessary for the activities themselves to be intentional. Knowingly permitting is not subject to strict liability as knowledge is required. It is now important to mention The Water Framework Directive[15] which will be phased in over a number of years. It will require a fun damental change in existing law. Its man aims are to prevent deterioration and protect aquatic ecosystems; promote sustainable water consumption by protecting available water resources; progressively reduce discharges, emissions and losses of priority substances; reduce groundwater pollution and prevent further pollution an to provide good quality surface and groundwater. Finally, we will briefly consider international law, which mainly relates to marine waters. This is contained in international treaties the main one concerning the UK is from the 1992 OSPAR Convention, which made the Declaration of the International North Sea Conference and the Hazardous Substance Strategy. Parties to this convention are bound to make every endeavour to move toward the target of cessation of discharges, emissions and losses of hazardous substances by 2020. Air Most of the sources of air pollution are man made. The burning of some fossil fuels releases sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere. T his occurs mainly from coal fired power stations and the burning of marine fuel on container ships and oil tankers. Another main contributor to air pollution is carbon emissions, mainly from vehicles, power stations and industrial processes. Indeed vehicles are responsible for releasing lead into the atmosphere through leaded petrol and also chemicals released from diesel emissions. Also, vehicle exhaust gases can release Volatile Organic Compounds into the atmosphere. Another source is the release of CFCs from aerosol sprays and refrigerants in fridges and air-conditioning units. These gases contribute to ozone depletion and therefore increase ultraviolet radiation levels. In addition the production and transporting of coal, natural gas and oil can emit methane. This can also be emitted from landfill sites. Natural processes causing air pollution are volcanic eruptions, wildfires and methane gas from herds of cattle. Air pollution can cause acid rain, which can kill fish, birds and plant life and even destroy buildings. Air pollution also causes climate change through greenhouse gas emissions. Finally, air pollution can also be harmful to humans as it has been linked to respiratory problems, cancer and brain damage. Now it is necessary to consider the mechanisms in place to control air pollution. Legal controls to control and prevent air pollution. The first known legal controls over air quality took place in 1273 when Edward I introduced the first controls over smoke in London. Today the law that is applicable is a combination of international, EC and national law. As air pollution creates international problems like transboundary pollution, ozone depletion and more latterly, climate change, international negotiated agreements are a main source of the law in this area. The first main case involving Transboundary pollution was the so called Trail Smelter case [16] which concerned pollution from a Canadian smelter which caused destruction to crops and forests over the border in the US. An attempt to control air pollution between neighbours was The Geneva Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution in 1979.The treaty came into force in 1983 and sets out principles of cooperation and joint research. Ozone protection has been dealt with by the 1985 Vienna Convention for the protection of the Ozone Layer. Climate change has been addressed by the 1992 Framework Convention on Climate Change. As a result of these conventions, protocols have been developed to combat the problems identified, in the form of specific measures to combat the problem. Likewise, the EC has now become a major force in determining air quality standards. This has been achieved through a series of directives specifying air quality limits for particular substances and controlling emissions from transport, industry and power stations. In addition the EC has voluntary agreements with car manufacturers and EU wide emissions trading schemes. The Secretar y of State for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs has a legal duty to comply with the European air quality standards. This has been delegated to the Environmental Agency and local authorities which operate pollution control powers. The National Air Quality Strategy is the main policy in this are of the law. It contains two standards for identified pollutants, namely a general target standard and an alert threshold. The general standard forms a long term objective for policies and legislation. The alert threshold triggers the need for specific remedial action when it is exceeded. Under the strategy local authorities undertake air quality assessments and take action where the objectives are not being met. They also have control over emissions of dark smoke and fumes under various statutes. Finally, the UK has adopted economic instruments to control greenhouse gas emissions. This is in the form of the Climate Change Levy and the UK Emissions Trading Scheme. Other voluntary agreeme nts like Climate Change Agreements have been adopted. Question 2 Report: Prepared by Legal Environmental Consultant’s Limited To: The Board of Directors of Transglobal Enterprises plc Topic: Environmental Legal Aspects of British Metal and Waste Corporation plc (MBWC) This report will cover two specific problems identified. It will deal with each separately. (a) The first part of the report examines the planning permission to extend the use of Gawshope Quarry. This is presently the subject of a High Court application by a local pressure group who wish the permission to be quashed on the following grounds:- firstly, the wrong criteria were used in granting the permission in relation to EC and UK law and secondly, that the National Waste strategy had been ignored. It is necessary to consider the grounds of the appeal, to estimate the likelihood of its success. Firstly, in regard to EU and UK law. The Landfill Directive[17] concerns the design, operation and aftercare for landfill sites. It set targets for the reduction of the amount of biodegradable municipal waste put into landfills by imposing three stages of reduction. The Landfill Regulations (England and Wales) 2002 [18] implemented the requirements of the directive to UK law. Secondly, the National Waste Strategy (NWS) is contained in Waste Strategy 2000 for England and Wales[19]. It was produced as a result of the Environment Act 1995 inserting a requirement to produce a NWS under s44A of the Environmental Protection Act 1995. The overall aim of the NWS is to make decisions in line with the Best Practicable Environmental Option (BPEO) for particular wastes. Article 8(b) of the Landfill Directive (99/31) places an obligation on member states to ensure that any landfill project is in line with the NWS. This must be considered when planning permission is applied for. In the case of R (On the application of Blewett) v Derbyshire CC[20] the facts were analogous to the present case. Planning permission was granted to extend a landfill site and a local resident applied to court to have it quashed on the grounds that the local authority had failed to assess whether the proposed landfill was the BPEO for waste disposal. The Court of Appeal found that the policies in the Strategy were not determinative and it was not required before granting planning permission that the BPEO is achieved. The reason for this is that the BPEO is not overriding. In this case the Court of Appeal refused to interfere with the High Courts findings that the local planning authority had failed to demonstrate that they had given sufficient weight to the BPEO. Conclusion Without knowing the particular facts of the application for an extension of Gawshope Quarry, it is difficult to advise on the chances of success. Suffice it to say, that in the light of Blewett’s case it seems clear that a planning authority is required to understand the policies in the NWS and attach sign ificant weight to the achievement of these policies. It should then consider if there are more important considerations which outweigh the attainment of these objectives. (b) This part of the report concerns the pending prosecution of BMWC for alleged offences under the Water Resources Act 1991. The steelscale plant in Cumbria had an accident and this resulted in discharges which blocked a stream. This caused the course of the stream to be altered and flooding occurred. In addition contaminants in the discharge caused chemical levels in the stream to rise beyond safety levels under drinking water legislation. Under the Water Resources Act, 1991 s85 (1) it is an offence to cause or knowingly permit any poisonous, noxious or polluting matter or any solid waste to enter controlled waters. We will look at each element of this section to determine if an offence has been committed. Firstly, controlled waters are defined in s104 of the act and include most streams in the UK includ ing the stream in question. Secondly, there is no definition in the act of poisonous, noxious or polluting matter. In the case of R v Dovermoss Ltd [21] polluting was given the very wide meaning of the potential to cause harm to animals, plants or those who use the water. Actual harm is not necessary. The fact of the pollution is what is prevented in this act – i.e. the discharge or entry of polluting matter into the stream. On the face of it contaminants in this particular discharge would be considered polluting at the very least if not poisonous or noxious. Thirdly, the requirement of causing must be considered. This lays down a requirement of strict liability as no knowledge is required. An important case is the case of Alphacell Ltd v Woodward [22] where it was held that Alphacell was guilty of causing pollution merely by carrying on the activity that caused the pollution. All that is necessary is the intention to carry on the activities, and then to show a causal link between the activities and the discharge. In our case, BMWC did carry on the activity that caused the pollution. It may be possible to argue that its activities were not the cause of the pollution. In Empress Car Company (Abertillery) Ltd v National Rivers Authority [23] Lord Hoffman stated that †the true common sense distinction is, in my view, between acts which although necessarily foreseeable in the particular case, are in the generality a normal and familiar fact of life, and acts or events which are abnormal and extraordinary.† Whether the accident in this particular case could be foreseeable would depend on what kind of accident it was and whether it was normal or acceptable accident in the steelscale industry. Fourthly the requirement of knowingly permitting will briefly be considered. This occurs where a person knowingly permits and applies when knowledge of the activity occurs and no action is done to prevent the harm. Company directors can be guilty of wat er pollution offences under this section in addition to any charges brought against the company. This will occur when there is consent, dishonesty or neglect on the part of the directors of the company. This is under s217(1) of the Water Resources Act, 1991. In addition, the company can also be held vicariously liable for the acts of its employees, as was held in the case of National Rivers Authority v Alfred McAlpine Homes East Ltd[24] in regard to offences under the WRA, 1991. There are defences to the provisions of the above section. One of these is if the offender is the holder of discharge consent from the EA, and is acting in accordance with that consent. Another defence is if the offender holds an IPC authorisation or an IPPC permit. A third defence is where the offender holds a waste management licence or waste disposal licence unless the offence is discharging trade or sewerage effluent or where a prohibition is in force. Conclusion It seems that the requirements o f strict liability would make the chance of a prosecution against the BMWC succeeding. It should be investigated whether any of the above defences are available to BWMC. If not, it seems likely that any prosecution would succeed against the company. Bibliography Bell, S and McGillivray, D: Environmental Law (6th Edition). Oxford University Press, 2006. www.lawtel.co.uk www.westlaw.co.uk www.defra.gov.uk www.ukela.org Footnotes [1] Farming and Food: A Sustainable Future (2002), p.68. [2] (2000/60/EC) [3] SI 200/3184 [4] R v Yorkshire Water Services Ltd [2002] Env LR 18 [5] WRA, 1991, s221 [6] WRA, 1991, s221 [7] National Rivers Authority v Biffa Waste [1996] Env LR 227 [8] Environmental Agency v Brock plc [1998] Env LR 607 [9] R v Dovermoss Ltd [1995] Env LR 258. [10] S41-42 [11] SI 1996/2971 [12] SI1998/2746 [13] [2003] Env LR 29 [14] [1972] AC 824 [15] 2000/60/EC [16] US v Canada (3 RIAA 1907 (1941) ) [17] 1999/31/EC [18] SI 2002/1559 [19] Cm 4693, 2000 [20] [2005] Env LR 15 [21] [1995] Env LR 258 [22] [1972] AC 824 [23] [198] Env Lr 36 [24] [1994] 4 All ER 286

Gender Inequality Of Men And Women - 1324 Words

Gender is one of many reasons why people in this world speak differently and some do believe that it has a great influence over the way in which men and women speak. Gender ties into many other aspects of why we speak differently such as occupation, class and power. These are just a few reasons why men and women speak differently. However many linguists now believe that gender doesn’t play that big of a role In the way we speak because both men and women have grown socially to be accepted in most shapes and forms. In 1975, Zimmerman and West published a theory describing how men always wanted to be dominant in a conversation. There findings were backed up by data however this data could now be invalid because of the minuscule amount of†¦show more content†¦However he also looked at the amount of women who interrupted as well and found that both men and women interrupted at an equal rate (Men interrupting 34.1 times and women 33.8 times). This would suggest that gender doesn’t have a huge play in why men and women interrupt in a conversation it comes down to other factors. I agree strongly with this and believe that men and women are equal when wanting power in a conversation. In the 21st centaury I think that the dominance model is outdated and it has no place in society any more. Around the same time of the dominance model, the deficit model was produced by Robin Lakoff. This theory suggests that women has no power in conservations and more prone to speak in a certain way. One of the choices of speech Lakoff suggested women use is over use of tag questions and hedging, she said that they did this because they needed agreement before they did something. Layoff’s theory suggests that women are more likely to use a different range of language use because they have less power in society. In 1975, this theory could have been in date and could have suggested why women speak the way they do, however women have grown in society to speak almost as a man would because of the stride in equality. This would